Initially, I had thought I would call this essay “On Small Turns.” After all, the thing I want to talk about looks small, at least. Then, I thought I might call it “On Meter and Small Turns,” since what I really wanted to talk about was meter. But I finally realized I wouldn’t want anybody to think the subject of this essay is small, comma though it is.
For one thing, it isn’t a particular comma — though the comma I was thinking about when I conceived this essay is a particular comma from a line of poetry by one of my students — and not being a particular comma it has the largeness of the idea of commas, perhaps the most capacious punctuation mark in English usage. When I say it isn’t a particular comma, I mean that, rather than a particular comma in a particular sentence, it is the comma used in a particular way, as in the comma in the line by my student, SA Wilson, that got me thinking. Here’s the line, preceded by 4/9 of the previous line (4/9 because, while both lines are in iambic tetrameter — four iambic feet per line — the first line has an extra-syllable ending, more commonly known as a feminine ending, and so were the whole line quoted it would have nine, rather than eight, syllables):
...Colors soften
to gray, yellow-gray blue—the moon
Why is that comma so important? Well, it is an occasion for thinking music.
As I mentioned, the lines are in iambic pentameter, which can be represented in the following way, the x’s indicating unstressed syllables, the virgules indicating stressed syllables, and the vertical lines indicating the boundaries between iambs: x / │ x / │ x / │ x /. Immediately, you will notice that if you were to scan the line with the comma, it wouldn’t look like that. Instead, it looks like this:
x / │ / x │ x / │ x /
to gray, yellow-gray blue—the moon
(With regard to the third foot, the iamb “gray blue,” it’s important to keep in mind that the speech stress of a phrase helps to determine which syllable in a foot carries the most stress, but also that when you are determining which syllable carries the most stress, you must only consider whether one syllable, compared to the other syllable in the foot—or syllables if it is a metrical foot that is made of more than two syllables, like an anapest or an amphibrach — carries more or less stress.) As you can see, the second foot in the line isn’t an iamb at all — it’s a trochee. What you’re looking at is a medial trochaic inversion — “medial” because it’s happening in the middle of a line rather than at the beginning. But what you’re looking at is also the sound of a mind working, that music.